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This classical conception of kimberlite melt compositions has been challenged in the past decade by a continually growing number of petrographic and melt inclusion studies ( Golovin et al., 2003, 2007, 2017 a, 2018 Kamenetsky et al., 2004, 2008, 2009 a, 2013, 2014 Abersteiner et al., 2017 a, 2017 b, 2017 c Giuliani et al., 2017), and experimental work ( Safonov et al., 2009, 2010, Sparks et al., 2009 Brooker et al., 2011 Russell et al., 2012 Kamenetsky & Yaxley, 2015 Sharygin et al., 2015, 2017) which suggest a kimberlite melt which had initially carbonatite-like and silica-poor compositions. Price et al., 2000 le Roex et al., 2003 Becker & Le Roex, 2006 Kjarsgaard et al., 2009), these compositions cannot be regarded as an accurate reflection of their parental melt. Although whole-rock analyses of kimberlite rocks show that they are generally ultramafic, silica-poor and volatile (H 2O, CO 2)-rich (e.g. Reconstructing the parental kimberlite melt composition is a fundamental task in understanding their petrogenesis, rheology, ascent and emplacement. Kimberlites are relatively rare and volumetrically insignificant rocks that originated from deeply-derived magmas from depths >150 km (e.g. Our combined data suggest that the Udachnaya-East kimberlite crystallised from an essentially H 2O-poor, Si–Na–K–Cl–S-bearing carbonate-rich melt. We demonstrate that ‘contamination models’ are inconsistent with petrographic, geochemical and melt inclusion data. All evidence previously used in support of crustal and brine contamination of the Udachnaya-East kimberlite is thoroughly evaluated. The paucity of alkali-carbonates and chlorides in the groundmass of serpentinised Udachnaya-East kimberlite is attributed to their instability and removal during post-emplacement alteration. This enrichment in alkalis, chlorine and sulphur in melt inclusions demonstrates that these elements were an intrinsic part of the parental magma. In addition, melt inclusions hosted in olivine, monticellite, spinel and perovskite from unserpentinised and serpentinised kimberlite contain identical daughter phase assemblages that are dominated by alkali-carbonates, chlorides and sulphates/sulphides. replacement by serpentine and/or iowaite) in serpentinised samples. 3(H 2O)) in unserpentinised samples, and (ii) the absence of alkali- and chlorine-enriched phases in the groundmass and characteristic olivine alteration (i.e.
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chlorides, S-bearing alkali-carbonates, sodalite) and the absence of H 2O-rich phases (i.e. However, these two kimberlite varieties are distinguished by: (i) the presence of unaltered olivine, abundant Na–K–Cl–S-rich minerals (i.e. Both varieties of kimberlite have similar major, compatible and incompatible trace element concentrations and primitive mantle normalised trace element patterns, groundmass textures and silicate, oxide and sulphide mineral compositions. The mineralogical and geochemical features and the compositions of melt inclusions in unserpentinised and serpentinised Udachnaya-East kimberlite varieties are compared in this study. Conversely, the alkali-chlorine-sulphur enrichment has been attributed to interactions with crustal materials and/or post-emplacement contamination by brines. It has been suggested that the unserpentinised units from Udachnaya-East are representative of pristine unaltered kimberlite.
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These mineralogical and geochemical characteristics have led to two divergent models that advocate different origins. The petrologically unique Udachnaya-East kimberlite (Siberia, Russia) is characterised by unserpentinised and H 2O-poor volcaniclastic and coherent units that contain fresh olivine, along with abundant alkali-rich carbonates, chlorides, sulphides and sulphates in the groundmass.